常见词缀词根

  • 词根(root)是一个词的核心,承载它最基本的意思。例如 dict=说。
  • 词缀(affix)则附着在词根上,含义和用法固定。
    • 前缀(prefix)加在词根前面改变词的含义,能告诉你单词的方向、程度、肯定或否定等信息,比如 pre-=向前、un-=不;
    • 后缀(suffix)加在后面的,改变词的词性。
  • 了解词缀词根,就能像搭积木一样拆解和记忆单词:predict = pre-(向前)+ dict(说)→ 预言。

前缀 prefix

不需要展开。

  • 方向前缀
    • 空间位置
      • 上方/下方super-=over/above 在……之上/超过,sub-=under 在……之下/向下, sur-=over/above 在……之上, hyper-=over/excessive 超过/过度, hypo-=under/below 在……之下/低于, ultra-=beyond 超越/极端, infra-=below 在下/低于
      • 向内/向外in-=into 进入/向内, intro-=inward/within 向内/在内, ex-=out 向外/出, extro-=outward 向外, extra-=outside/beyond 在外/超出, en-/em-=in/into 进入/使……(enable, enjoy, endanger)
      • 前后/之间pre-=before 在前/预先, post-=after 在后/之后, inter-=between/among 在……之间, trans-=across/beyond 横过/超越
      • 环绕/周围circum-=around 环绕/周围, ambi-=both/around 两者/周围, para-=beside/near 在旁边/类似, epi-=upon/after 在……之上/在……之后
    • 运动方向
      • 离开/分离dis-=away 离开/分离, ab-=away/off 离开/脱离, de-=down/off 向下/离开
      • 朝向/接近ad-=to/toward 向/朝, ob-/oc-/of-/op-=against/toward 反对/朝向
      • 向前/向后pro-=forward 向前/支持, retro-=backward 向后/追溯, re-=back 向后/返回
      • 贯穿/通过per-=through 贯穿/通过
      • 共同/一起com/con/col-=with/together 共同/一起, co-=jointly 共同, sym-/syn-=together 一起(system, sympathy), aut-/auto-=self 自己(automatic, automobile)
  • 数量前缀
    • 具体数字uni-=one 单一, mono-=one/single 单一/单独, bi-=two 双/二, tri-=three 三, penta-=five 五, hexa-=six 六, hepta-=seven 七, octa-=eight 八, deca-=ten 十
    • 多数/全部multi-=many 多, poly-=many 多, omni-=all 全部, pan-=all 全/总
    • 部分/比例semi-=half 半, demi-=half 半, hemi-=half 半, centi-=hundred 百/百分之一, milli-=thousand 千/千分之一
    • 大小/量级micro-=small 微小, macro-=large 宏大, mega-=million/great 百万/巨大, giga-=billion 十亿, nano-=billionth 十亿分之一/纳米, kilo-=thousand 千
  • 否定前缀
    • 否定/相反un-=not 不/非, in-=not 不/无(变体 il-/im-/ir-), dis-=not 否定/相反, non-=not 非/不, a-/an-=without/not 无/非, de-=remove/reverse 去除/相反
    • 错误/不良mis-=wrong/bad 错误/坏, mal-=bad/badly 坏/不良
    • 反对/对抗anti-=against 反对/抗, counter-=against/opposite 反对/相反, contra-=against 相反/对抗, (ob-/oc-/of-/op- 见「方向前缀 · 朝向/接近」), with-=against/back 反对/向后
    • 虚假/脱离pseudo-=false 虚假, ab-/abs-=away/from 离开/脱离
  • 程度前缀
    • 过度/不足over-=excessive 过度/超过, under-=insufficient 不足/低于, out-=surpassing 超过/胜过
    • 方向/位置up-=upward 向上, down-=downward 向下, fore-=before/in front 在前/预先, mid-=middle 中间
    • 等级/地位arch-=chief/main 首要/主要, vice-=deputy 副/代理, sub-=subordinate 次/亚, super-=above/superior 超/超级, out-=external/beyond 外/超出
  • 时间前缀
    • 之前/之后pre-=before 在前/预先,post-=after 在后/之后, fore-=before 在前, ante-=before 在前/先
    • 新旧/先后ex-=former 前任的, neo-=new 新, paleo-=old/ancient 古/旧, proto-=first/original 最初/原始

后缀 suffix

  • 名词后缀
    • 表人/职业, -er ……者/从事……的人, -or ……者/执行者, -ist ……主义者/专家, -ian ……领域的人, -ee 受动者/被……的人
    • 表物, -ment 具体事物/工具, -tion 事物/结果, -er 工具/物品
    • 表抽象概念/状态, -tion/-ation 动作/状态, -ment 行为/结果, -ness 性质/状态, -ity 性质/状态, -hood 状态/时期, -ance/-ence 状态/性质(difference, importance), -ship 状态/身份(friendship, leadership), -ary 场所/对象(library, dictionary)
  • 动词后缀-ize/-ise=make 使……化, -ate=make/do 使……/做……, -en=make 使……变得, -ify/-fy=make 使……具……性质
  • 形容词后缀-ful=full of 充满……的, -less=without 无……的, -able/-ible=able to 能……的, -ous/-ious=having 具……性质的, -y=characterized by 带……特征的, -ive=tending to 具……倾向的, -al=of 的(national, natural), -ic/-ical=of 的(economic, historic), -ant/-ent=of/-ing 的(important, different)
  • 副词后缀-ly=way 以……方式, -ward/-wards=direction 朝……方向, -wise=manner/aspect 以……方式/方面

词根 root

这里按「主题」给词根分组并附示例单词:每组一个主题(如 手、口与言语),下面是与该主题相关的词根,词根意思相近或不同,都嵌套在该主题之下,同一主题的词根合并成一行、用逗号隔开,每个词根后附示例单词。★ 标记为高频核心词根。

  • 动作词根
    • 手部操作 handman/manu★=hand 手(manual, manage, manufacture), tract=draw/pull 拉(attract, extract, tractor), press=press 压(press, compress, express), pos/pon★=put/place 放置(position, compose, deposit), form★=shape 形状(form, reform, uniform), lect/leg/lig★=choose/gather 选择/收集(select, collect, elect), scrib/script★=write 写(describe, prescribe, script), graph/gram=write/draw 写/画(graph, telegram, diagram), plic/ply=fold 折叠/重叠(apply, complicate, reply), ploy/ploit=fold 折叠/用(employ, exploit), tang/tact/tag=touch 触摸(contact, tangible, tag), pict=paint 画(picture, depict)
    • 口与言语 speechdict★=say/speak 说(dictation, predict), log/loqu★=speak 说(dialogue, eloquent), claim/clam=shout/cry out 呼喊(exclaim, proclaim), voc/vok★=call 叫/喊(vocal, invoke, advocate), nounce/nunci=announce 宣布(announce, pronounce, denounce), fab/fam=speak 说(fable, famous), ora=speak/pray 说/祈祷(oral, oracle), plor=cry/wail 哭/喊(implore, deplore), cant/cent=sing 唱(chant, accent, incentive)
    • 移动与趋向 motionced/ceed/cess★=go 走(proceed, access, exceed), mot/mob★=move 移动(motion, mobile, promote), ven/vent=come 来(event, invent, convention), grad/gress=step/walk 步/走(graduate, progress, aggressive), cur/curs=run 跑(current, occur, cursor), it=go 走(exit, initial, transit), migr=move 迁移(migrate, emigrate, immigrant), vag=wander 漫游(vague, vagrant), scend/scens=climb 爬(ascend, descend), ori=rise/begin 升起/开始(origin, orient, originate), pass=pass through 通过(pass, passage), sequ/secut★=follow 跟随(sequence, pursue, consequence), vad/vas=go 走(invade, evade, pervade), mount★=climb 攀/登(mount, mountain, amount)
    • 搬运携带与给予 carry & givefer★=carry/bring 携带(transfer, prefer, refer), port★=carry 搬运(transport, portable, export), lat=carry/bring 携带(translate, relate), miss/mit★=send 发送(dismiss, admit, transmit), tribut=give 给予(contribute, distribute, attribute), don/dot=give 给(donate, pardon, condone)
    • 一般动作 general action
      • 做与制造 make & doact/ag★=do/drive 做/驱动(action, actor, agent), fact/fect/fic★=make/do 做(factory, effect, sufficient), oper=work 工作(operate, cooperate, operation), pract=do 做(practice, practical), struct★=build 建造(construct, instruct, structure), orn=decorate 装饰(ornament, adorn), cult★=farm/till 耕种(culture, cultivate, agriculture)
      • 投掷与推动 throw & pushject★=throw 投掷(reject, project, inject), pel/puls=drive/push 推(compel, impulse, propel)
      • 拿取与倾倒 take & poursum/sumpt=take 拿/取(consume, assume, resume), cap/capt/cept★=take/catch 拿/抓(capture, accept, receive), fus=pour 倾/倒(refuse, fuse, confuse)
      • 转动与卷转 turn & rollvert/vers★=turn 转(convert, reverse, universe), volv/volut=roll/turn 卷/转(revolve, involve, revolution)
      • 连接与关闭 connect & closejunct=join 连接(join, junction, conjunction), clud/claus=shut 关闭(include, exclude, close)
      • 状态与动作 state & actionpend/pens=hang/weigh 悬挂/称量(depend, pension, suspend), cumb/cub=lie down 躺(succumb, incumbent), duct/duc=lead 引导(conduct, reduce), fend/fens=strike 打击(defend, offense), lav/lut=wash 洗(lavish, pollute), par=bring forth 生产(parent, reproduce), flict★=strike 打击(conflict, inflict), bat★=beat 打(battle, combat)
    • 状态变化 state changerupt★=break 破/断裂(erupt, interrupt, rupture), flu★=flow 流(fluent, influence, fluid), solv/solu/solut★=loosen 放松/解决(solve, dissolve, solution), val/vail=be worth 有价值(value, valid, prevail), fin★=end/limit 结束/界限(finish, final, infinite), string/strict=draw tight 拉紧(strict, restrict), cern/cert/cret=separate 区分(concern, certain, discern), surg/surrect=rise 升(surge, insurgent, resurrection), merg/mers=dip/sink 沉/浸(merge, emerge, immerse), plen/plete=fill 满(plenty, complete, replenish), prob/prov=test/prove 测试/证明(prove, approve, probable), fract/frag=break 破(fragment, fragile, fraction), flect/flex=bend 弯(reflect, flexible, reflex), flat=blow 吹/膨胀(inflate, inflation), tort=twist 扭(torture, distort), cre/creat/cresc★=grow/create 生长/创造(create, creature, increase)
    • 位置与姿势 position & stancesed/sid/sess=sit 坐(session, resident), st/still/stit=stand 站立(stand, station, constitute), tain/ten/tent★=hold 保持(contain, maintain, retain), tend/tent/tens★=stretch 伸展(extend, tension, attention), hibit=hold 持有(exhibit, inhibit, habit), sist★=stand 站(exist, insist, resist, assist)
  • 感官与思维词根
    • 感官 sensevis/vid★=see 看(visible, video), spec/spect★=look 看(inspect, respect), reg=look 看(regard), aud★=hear 听(audio, audience), ped=foot 脚(pedal, pedestrian)
    • 认知与思考 cognitionsci★=know 知道(science, conscious, omniscient), cogn★=know 知道(recognize, cognition, diagnose), put★=think 思考(compute, dispute, reputation), rat=reckon/think 计算/思考(ratio, rational, rate), ment★=mind 心/智(mental, mention, comment), anim=mind/life 心神/生命(animal, unanimous), soph=wise 智慧(philosopher, sophisticated), ideo=idea 思想(idea, ideology), judg/judic=judge 判断(judge, judicial), mon=warn/advise 警告(monitor, admonish), clar/clear=clear 清楚(clarify, declare), liter=letter 文字(literature, literal, literacy), lingu=language/tongue 语言/舌(language, linguist, bilingual), nom/onym=name 名(nominal, anonymous), not=mark 标记(note, denote, notify), sign=mark 标记(signal, designate), opt=choose 选择(option, adopt, optional), test=witness 见证/证明(testify, contest), prehend/prehens=catch 抓住/理解(comprehend, apprehension), capit★=head 头(capital, captain), fig=shape 形状(figure, config), numer=number 数(number, numerous), text=weave 编织(text, context, texture), mod=manner/measure 方式/测量(model, modern, moderate)
    • 情感与意志 emotion & willsent/sens★=feel 感觉(sense, consent, sentiment), spir★=breathe 呼吸(spirit, inspire, respiration), pass/pati★=suffer 感受/忍受(patient, compassion, passive), grat=pleasing 愉快(grateful, gratify, congratulate), psych=soul/mind 心灵(psychology, psychic), phil=love 爱(philosophy, philanthropy), am=love 爱(amateur, amiable), pathy=feeling 情感/疾病(sympathy, pathology), mir=wonder 惊奇(miracle, admire), spond/spons=promise 承诺(respond, sponsor, responsible), card/cord=heart 心(record, accord, cordial), plac=please 取悦/安静(please, pleasant), rid=laugh 笑(ridiculous, ridicule), lud/lus=play 玩(illusion), pen/pun=punish 惩罚(punish, penalty)
    • 记忆与信念 memory & beliefmemor★=memory 记忆(memory, remember, memorize), cred★=believe 相信(credit, credible, incredible), fid=faith/trust 信任(faith, confident, fidelity)
  • 自然与物质词根
    • 生命与大地 life & earthbio★=life 生命(biology, biography, antibiotic), viv/vit/vig★=live/life 活(survive, vital, vivid), geo★=earth 大地(geography, geology), anthrop=human 人(anthropology, philanthropy), hum=ground 土/人(humble, human, humidity), morph=form 形状(morph, metamorphosis), nat=born 出生(native, nature, nation), flor/flour=flower 花朵(flourish), foli=leaf 叶子(foliage), mort=death 死(mortal, immortal, mortuary), dorm/somn=sleep 睡(dormitory, dormant), med=heal 医疗(medical, medicine, remedy)
    • 水火与光 fire, water & lightaqua/hydr★=water 水(aquarium, aquatic, hydrate), photo/luc/lumin★=light 光(photo, luminous, illuminate), ign=fire 火(ignite, ignition), therm★=heat 热(thermometer, thermos)
    • 天空星辰与时间 sky, stars & timeastr/aster★=star 星星(astronomy, astronaut, asterisk), chron★=time 时间(chronic, chronology, synchronize), phon/son★=sound 声音(phone, sound, sonar), sol=sun 太阳(solar, solstice), lun=moon 月亮(lunar, lunatic), aer/air=air 空气(aerial, aeroplane), noct/nyct=night 夜(nocturnal), umbri=shadow 影(umbrella, umbrage)
    • 形状环与海洋 shapes, rings & seacirc/cyc★=ring 环(circle, cycle, circuit), rot=wheel 轮/转(rotate, rotation), mar/mer★=sea 海(marine, maritime), nav/naut★=ship 船(navy, navigate, astronaut), dent=tooth 牙齿(dental, dentist), cav=hollow 空(cave, cavity, excavate), und=wave 波浪/流动(undulate, abundant)
  • 社会与人词根
    • 社会政治与法律 society, politics & lawpopul/publ★=people 人民(population, popular, public), dem=people 民众(democracy), leg★=law 法律(legal, legitimate), jur/jus=law/right 法律/权利(jury, justice, justify), civ★=citizen 公民(civil, civilization), rect/rig/reg=straight/right 直/正(correct, direct, regulate), crat/cracy=rule 统治(democracy, autocrat), milit=soldier 兵(military, militant), bell=war 战争(rebel, bellicose), poli=city/state 城市/国家(politics, police, policy), urb★=city 城市(urban, suburb), serv★=serve/slave 服务/奴隶(serve, service, servant), soci★=companion 同伴(social, society, associate), dom★=house/master 家/主人(domestic, dominate), mand★=order 命令(command, demand), mun★=service/gift 公共/赠予(community, communicate, immune)
    • 经济贸易与工作 economy, trade & workmerc=trade 贸易(commerce, merchant), preci=price/value 价值(price, precious, appreciate), labor★=work 工作(labor, collaborate, laboratory), quest/quir/quis/quer★=seek 寻求(question, require, request, quest), priv=single/alone 个体(private, privacy, privilege)
    • 人际关系与家庭 people & familypatr/pater★=father 父亲(paternal, patriot), ped/pais=child 儿童(pedagogy, pedant), greg=flock 群/聚集(congregation, gregarious), habit=live/dwell 居住(habit, inhabit, habitat), hospit/host★=guest 客(hospital, host, hostile)
  • 性质与度量词根
    • 数量与程度 quantity & degreeequ★=equal 相等(equal, equality, equator), magn/maj/max★=great 大(magnificent, major, maximum), medi=middle 中间(medium, median), mini/min★=small 小(minimum, minor), prim/prior/prem★=first 第一(primary, primitive, premier), simil/simul=like 相同(similar, simulate), sol=alone 单独(sole, solo, solitary), meter/metri★=measure 测量(meter, thermometer, geometry), nov=new 新(novel, innovate), part★=part 部分(partly, partner, depart), integr★=whole 完整(integrate, integer), grav★=heavy 重(gravity, grave, aggravate)
    • 时间空间与变化 time, space & changetemp/tempor★=time 时间(temporary, contemporary, tempo), terr/ter=earth 土地(territory, terrain), ann/enn★=year 年(annual, anniversary, perennial), loc★=place 地方(location, local, allocate), vari/vary=change 变化(vary, various, variable), mut★=change 变化(mutant, commute, mutual), sen=old 老(senior, senator, senile), veter=old 资深/年老(veteran), err=wander/mistake 漫游/错误(error, errant, err), journ=day 日(journal, journey)
    • 性质与状态 quality & statebene★=good 好(benefit, benevolent, benign), vac/van/void=empty 空(vacant, vacuum, avoid), nul/null=none 空无(null), vict/vinc=conquer 征服(victory, conquer, invincible), fort/forc★=strong/power 力量(force, fortify), vol★=will 意志(volunteer, voluntary, will), gen★=birth/produce 出生/产生(generate, gene, origin), cid/cis★=cut/kill 切/杀(decide, precise, suicide), corp/corpor★=body 身体(corporation, corpse), dur★=hard 硬/持久(durable, endure, during), liber★=free 自由(liberty, liberate, liberal), norm=standard 标准(normal, norm), neg=deny 否认(negative, neglect, deny), pur=pure 纯(pure, purify), par=equal 相等(compare, parity), firm=strong 坚固(firm, confirm, affirm), sect★=cut 切(section, insect, sector), fund/found★=base 基础(found, foundation, fund), ver★=true 真(verify, verdict, very), noc/nox=hurt 伤害(innocent, noxious)

讲解

  • 词根与词缀
    • 词根(root):词的核心,”形”与”义”都源于它。如 dict=说、vis=看。词根本身未必能独立成词(dict 不成词),但加上词缀就能派生出成串单词。
    • 词缀(affix):附着在词根上的成分,本身不能独立成词。
      • 前缀(prefix):加在词根前,改变词义——方向、程度、否定、数量等。
      • 后缀(suffix):加在词根后,改变词性——名词化、动词化、形容词化等。
    • 词根+词缀=派生词predictpre-(前)+dict(说);visualvis(看)+-ual(……的)。
  • 词根的来源
    • 英语是”混血”语言,词汇大多来自拉丁语希腊语——约 60% 的常用英语单词含拉丁或希腊词根。
    • 拉丁词根多与动作、家庭、行走相关(port 搬运、patr 父亲、grad 走);希腊词根多与科学、知识、自然相关(bio 生命、psych 心、geo 大地)。
    • 同一概念有时有拉丁/希腊两套词根:水=拉丁 aqua/希腊 hydr;光=拉丁 luc/希腊 photo;声音=拉丁 son/希腊 phon
  • 词根的三种类型
    • 一元词根:一个意思对应多个拼写变体,如 dict/dic 说。
    • 多义词根:一个词根有多个义项,如 par 生产/相等、sol 太阳/单独,要靠单词记语境。
    • 黏着词根:必须带词缀才能成词(tractject),与之相对的是自由词根——本身能独立成词(manform)。
  • 拼写变化(音变规律)
    • 为衔接词缀,词根或后缀在造词时会变形,常见有:
      • 字母合并/替换tracttractionmissmitvisvidcreatcreation
      • 元音变化grad(走)→gresscid(切)→ciseregrect
    • 不必逐字母对齐,把变形后的拼写也归入同一个”词根家族”,记忆更省力。
  • 如何科学地学词根
    1. 先攻高频:优先掌握标 ★ 的词根,一个词根靠前后缀能长出 5~10 个字。
    2. 按主题串联:同主题词根一起记(”手部操作”“移动趋向”),彼此印证更牢。
    3. 拆大词、勿硬背:遇生词先拆词根猜义,再用词典核对,比死记快。
    4. 警惕假同源:个别词根拼写相近却意思无关(fer 携带 vs fear 害怕),靠例句分清。