词汇笔记1-词汇用法

具体单词表见[单词表]

词组

动词词组

含短语动词

动词 + 副词

表示方向的副词

up上: “get up”，pick up捡起，”give up放弃”，shut up闭嘴，grow up成长
down下: “sit down 坐下”，”break down出故障”，cut down
back回: go back，give back
on上面: “put on your shoes穿上”，Turn on the TV，come on，go on
off离开: Put off，turn off，take off your hat脱掉
away离开: go away离开，run away，throw away，walk away
out出: find out查明，figure out，work out，”made out that …”，hang out闲逛，point out指出
in进: give in屈服, come in,

其他

is worth over $500

动词 + 介词

at 在，表示朝着方向: look at 看，I’m mad at you 我对你生气, laugh at,
with 和/一起，和某人: interact with 与…互动，start with 以…开始，began with 以…开始，”play with (toys)” 玩（玩具），come up with 想出，deal with 处理，be associated with 与…相关，agree with someone 同意某人，share with you 与你分享，broke up with 与…分手，has nothing to do with 与…无关，made the appointment with 与…预约，be familiar with 熟悉，was busy with
to 到/向: go to 去什么地方，belong to 属于，listen to sb 听某人说，lead to 导致，pay attention to 注意，look forward to 期待，be similar to 与…相似，give sth to sb 给某人某物，take … to 带…去，listen to me 听我说，refer to 指的是/参考
of 属于/…的: get very tired of 对…非常厌倦，be afraid of 害怕，”be made of solid glass” 由实心玻璃制成，take care of 照顾，think of 想出，consist of 由…组成，complain of 抱怨，dream of 梦想，get rid of 摆脱，I’m so sick of guys.. 我真是受够了这些家伙，be tired of 厌倦
about 关于，表示关于话题事情: talk about 谈论，care about 关心，think about 考虑，be upset about 对…感到不安，complain about 抱怨
on 在上面/关于，表示关于话题: focus on 专注于，depend on 取决于，rely on 依赖，be based on 基于
for 为了，目的: wait for 等待，look for 寻找，pay for (the tickets) 付钱，apologize for 为…道歉，ask for 请求，I’m late for dinner at my house 我回家吃晚饭要迟到了, compensate for 补偿
as 作为: think of … as … 把…看作…，be referred to as 被称为
方向介词: “go through” 穿过，”get out of that dark hall” 离开那个黑暗的大厅，come from 来自，be different from 与…不同，”divide … into” 把…分成，turned the engine into a hive 把引擎变成了蜂巢
形容词 + 介词，固定搭配：be afraid of 害怕、be interested in 对…感兴趣、be good at 擅长，is famous for 因…而闻名，”be convinced by” 被…说服，be proud of 为…感到自豪，She’s mad at me 她生我的气，I’m proud of all my grandchildren 我为我的所有孙辈感到自豪，be impressed with 对…印象深刻，be inspired by 受到…的启发，”be frightened at” 对…感到害怕，be ashamed of 为…感到羞愧，”be angry about” 对…生气，be fond of 喜欢，be upset about 对…感到不安，be inspired by 受到…的启发，be serious about 认真对待，be pleased with 对…感到满意
- 形容词 + to do/doing

感受形容词 + 介词

感受类形容词 + 介词，感受比如开心、生气、喜欢、讨厌、擅长、害怕。

be + adj. + about（关于…… 事感到……情绪）：be worried about 担心, anxious about 焦虑, be sorry about 遗憾, happy about 开心, excited about 兴奋, sad about 难过, upset about 心烦, confused about 困惑, serious about 认真, enthusiastic about 热衷
be + adj. + with（对…… 人/物）： angry with 生某人的气, pleased with 满意, satisfied with 满意, bored with 厌烦, busy with 忙于, patient with 有耐心, strict with 严格, familiar with 熟悉
be + adj. + of（感觉到/意识到…… 内心状态）： be afraid of 害怕, be proud of 自豪, ashamed of 羞愧, be aware of 意识到, be fond of 喜欢, be tired of 厌倦 be sick of 厌烦, be scared of 害怕
be + adj. + at（在…… 方面擅长/惊讶）： be good at 擅长, bad at 不擅长, clever at 善于, slow at 迟钝, surprised at 惊讶, amazed at 吃惊, shocked at 震惊
be + adj. + to（对某人……态度）： kind to 友好, polite to 礼貌, rude to 粗鲁, nice to 友善, cruel to 残忍, grateful to 感激某人
be + adj. + for（为了/因为……）： sorry for 为…… 抱歉, grateful for 因…… 感激, ready for 准备好, famous for 因…… 著名, responsible for 负责
be + adj. + in（在……方面有兴趣/信心）： interested in 感兴趣, confident in 有信心, successful in 成功
be + adj. + by（被……吓到/影响）： surprised by 被…… 惊到, shocked by 被…… 震惊, amazed by 被…… 惊艳, frightened/scared by 被…… 吓到, impressed by 被…… 打动, inspired by 被…… 鼓舞, hurt by 被…… 伤害, affected by 被…… 影响, influenced by 被…… 影响
也可以跟 to do 或者 that 从句，i’m sure …, i’m excited to …，be able to,

~~表示感受的形容词+介词（相似意思的形容词后面的介词相同，人/物用 with 事用 about）~~

~~with（对某人/某物/因……）: satisfied with，impressed with~~
~~about（对……感到……）: excited about,happy about , worried about, anxious about，upset about,~~
~~by被……影响、被……触动: I was frightened by the noise. be disappointed by，be inspired by~~
~~in（在……方面有信心/感兴趣）: be interested in~~
~~of（感到……/意识到）: afraid of, proud of, tired of, fond of~~
~~at（在……方面/因……）: mad at, surprised/shocked/amazed/astonished at (或 by) 对…感到惊讶~~
~~for（为了/因为）: ready for~~
~~to （对某人……）: kind to~~
~~接人/物 with，接事情 about。根据意思和典型的形容词来选择后续介词。~~

总结

介词 about 对事有感 - with /to 对人态度 - of 内心感觉/认知 - at 擅长/惊讶 - for 为了/因为 - in 兴趣/信心 - by 被…… 弄得怎样
- 对人用 with 关于事用 about，和形容词的意思和介词的意思有关。
根据意思相似的形容词意思选择搭配介词，happy 可以表示快乐，也可以表示满意。
surprised 后面用 at/by 都可以
有时候可以是几个介词，但是不同介词意义不同。
- angry with 生某人的气 ，也可以跟 at（对事）或 about（对事），
- sorry for someone, sorry about something
- disappointed

动词 + 名词

动词 + 名词固定搭配

及物动词 have breakfast, make money, play jazz, have breakfast，make money，play football，speak English. take photos , open the window, pay a bill , ride a bike , make friends , sing a song , waste time , make money , have lunch , spend money , spend time , read a book , write a letter , have a look ,
go to school , look at me , listen to music,

基于你提供的笔记内容，这里补充更多动词 + 名词固定搭配，按类别整理如下：

及物动词 + 名词（直接接宾语）

日常活动 - have a shower / have a bath / have a rest / have a dream - take a walk / take a break / take a seat / take a nap - do homework / do housework / do business / do a favor - make a decision / make a plan / make a mistake / make a call - give a speech / give a present / give advice / give a hand

工作与学习 - write a report / write an essay / write a diary - read a newspaper / read a magazine / read a novel - learn a lesson / learn a skill / learn a language - teach a class / teach a subject / teach a student - finish a task / finish a project / finish homework

社交与情感 - show respect / show interest / show concern - express feelings / express opinions / express gratitude - share ideas / share experiences / share a meal - keep a secret / keep a promise / keep a diary - break a promise / break a record / break the law

不及物动词 + 介词 + 名词（需加介词） go + 介词 - go to work / go to bed / go to church / go to prison - go on a trip / go on a diet / go on holiday - go for a walk / go for a run / go for a drive look + 介词 - look at the picture / look at the blackboard - look for a job / look for a key - look after the baby / look after the house - look forward to the party / look forward to meeting you listen + 介词 - listen to music / listen to the radio / listen to a lecture - listen to advice / listen to a story 其他常见搭配 - wait for a bus / wait for a reply / wait for a chance - talk to a friend / talk about a problem / talk with a colleague - think about a plan / think of an idea / think over a decision - depend on parents / depend on the weather - belong to a club / belong to a group

特殊结构：have / take / give + a + 名词（表示一次动作） - have a look / have a try / have a talk / have a fight - take a look / take a test / take a shower / take a trip - give a call / give a try / give a hug / give a kiss

动词 + to do/doing

动词 + to do

try to, begin to, decide to, used to, have to, want to, would like to, seem to, pretend to, tend to, fail to, manage to,
- ask sb to do, want sb to do, enable sb to do, allow sb to do,
be able to, be ready to, be excited to, 表示能够，感受。

动词+doing：keep doing ,stop doing , be busy doing, need mending, avoid doing, be worth doing, have difficulty (in) doing

有些动词后接 to do 和 doing 意思不同：- remember to do（记得要去做） vs remember doing（记得做过）

forget to do（忘记要去做） vs forget doing（忘记做过）

动词 + 从句

think that, find that, hope that, guess that,
make sure that，
be afraid that, be sure that,
按照表达的意思
认为 I think,I believe,I guess,I hope.I suppose.I’m afraid.I’m sure.
说
形容词加从句
- it句型 It is important that
- 表达情感或反应的形容词 + that 从句 “afraid that”

介词短语

按照介词

in 在里面
- 在（时间）里: in the morning，in May，in 2000，in the 18th century，”in the late 19th century”，in the past，in the future，in recent years
- 在（地点）里面: in the room，in the schoolroom，in the street，in the world，in the city
- 方式: “in this way”，in English，in a loud voice，in the same way，”in a shrill，passionate voice”，”in a soothing tone”
- 情绪/状态: in despair，in tears，in surprise，in silence，in a hurry，in love，in public，in private，in need 需要
- 抽象概念: in detail，in fact，in reality，in theory，in practice，in general，in particular，in advance，in return，in common，in turn 依次，in brief 简言之，in short 总之，in vain 徒劳
- 其他: in red，in danger，in trouble，in cash，in person，in time
- 其他: “in her lessons”，”in the distance”，”in that case”，”in a great hurry”，in other words，in a word，in the middle of，in the end，in any case
at 在
- 在某时刻: “at the time”，at noon，at once，”at some point”，at first，at last，at the same time，at present，at the moment，at dawn，at dusk，at midnight，at night，at weekends，at Christmas
- 在某地点: at the bus stop，at the airport，at school，at home，at work，at the station，at the door，at the table
- 其他: at least 至少，at most 至多，at once 立刻/同时，at risk 处于风险中，at heart 内心里/本质上，at random 随机地，at a loss 不知所措，at best 充其量，at worst 最坏情况下，at breakfast/lunch/dinner 在吃饭时
on 在
- 在某天/某日: on Monday，on Sunday，on April 20, 1990，on a cold morning，on New Year’s Day，on the weekend，on holiday，on vacation
- 在上面: on the desk，on some systems，on page two，on the wall，on the floor，on the left/right
- 关于（话题）: a book on history，a lecture on economics
- 状态/活动: on fire 着火，on sale 打折/出售，on purpose 故意地，on business 出差，on the way 在路上，on the phone 在打电话，on TV/radio 在电视/广播上，on the internet，on a trip，on a diet 节食，on duty 值班，on foot 步行，on schedule 按计划，on display 展出，on strike 罢工，on the spot 当场
- 其他: on time 准时，on the one hand…on the other hand 一方面……另一方面，on the whole 总的来说，on behalf of 代表，on the contrary 相反
for 为了/因为/持续
- 持续一段时间: for years 好多年，for the first time 第一次，for three days，for a long time，for a while，for the moment，for the time being 暂时
- 目的/原因: for several reasons 因为几个原因，for example 例如，for instance 例如，for the sake of 为了……起见，for fun 为了好玩，for free 免费，for sale 待售，for good 永久地，for sure 确定地
by 通过/在……旁边/被
- 方式/手段: by bus/car/train/plane 乘公交/汽车/火车/飞机，by phone，by email，by hand 手工地，by mistake 错误地，by accident 偶然地，by chance 偶然，by heart 背诵/熟记，by nature 天生地，by force 用武力
- 不迟于，时间: by now 到现在为止，by then 到那时，by the end of 到……末，by the time 到……时候
- 在旁边，位置: by the window 在窗边，by the river 在河边，by the door 在门边
- 其他: by the way 顺便说一下，by far ……得多（修饰比较级/最高级），by myself 独自，little by little 逐渐地，one by one 一个接一个，by default 默认地，by all means 当然可以，by no means 绝不，by virtue of 凭借
from 从/来自
- from…to… 从……到……: from morning to night，from place to place，from time to time 偶尔，from now on 从现在开始，from then on 从那时起，from beginning to end 从头到尾
- 其他: from memory 凭记忆，from scratch 从头开始，apart from 除了，far from 远非
about 关于/大约
- about 关于: talk about，think about，care about
- 大约: about ten people，about five o’clock
- 其他: be about to do 正要做某事，What/How about…? ……怎么样？
with 和/用/带着
- with fright 吓得，with pleasure 乐意地，with care 小心地，with confidence 有信心地，with ease 轻松地，with difficulty 困难地，with interest 有兴趣地，with regret 遗憾地
- 其他: compared with 与……相比，with the help of 在……帮助下，with respect to 关于，with regard to 关于，together with 与……一起
without 没有
- without difficulty 毫无困难，without doubt 毫无疑问，without exception 无一例外，without delay 毫不拖延，without question 毫无疑问
of ……的
- of course 当然，because of 因为，out of 从……出来/出于，in front of 在……前面，in charge of 负责，in favor of 支持/赞成，in case of 如果/万一，in spite of 尽管，instead of 代替/而不是，regardless of 不管/不顾，ahead of 在……之前，on top of 在……之上，by means of 通过……方式，by way of 经由，for the purpose of 为了……目的
- 数量/种类: a cup of，a piece of，a pair of，a lot of，a number of，a variety of，a range of，a series of，a set of，plenty of，kind of 有点儿，sort of 有点儿，lots of 许多，tons of 大量
as 作为：as usual 照常，as a result 结果，as a matter of fact 事实上，as for 至于，as to 关于，as well 也，as well as 和/以及，the same as 与……相同
under 在下面：
其他常用介词短语: after all 毕竟，
复合介词（由两个或更多词构成的介词）: instead of 代替/而不是，in terms of 就……而言/在……方面，in addition to 除……之外，according to 根据，away from 远离，in spite of 尽管，in front of 在……前面，in the middle of 在……中间，in the face of 面对，in the event of 如果……发生，in the case of 就……来说，in comparison with 与……相比，in contrast to 与……对比，on account of 因为，due to 由于，owing to 由于，thanks to 幸亏/由于，because of 因为，as a result of 作为……的结果，by means of 通过……方式，with regard to 关于，with respect to 关于，in relation to 关于/与……相关，irrespective of 不顾，prior to 在…之前，subsequent to 在…之后，next to 紧挨着，in search of 寻找，in honor of 为纪念，in memory of 纪念

无介词的短语

副词: “once or twice” 一两次，”sooner or later” 迟早，… ago ……以前，two days later 两天后，right away 立刻，right now 现在/马上，so far 到目前为止，more or less 或多或少，back and forth 来回地，now and then 偶尔，more often than not 通常/多半
名词/名词短语: “this time” 这次，”all the same” 仍然/尽管如此，all morning 整个早上，several times 几次，”this afternoon” 今天下午，last week 上周，every night 每晚，all day 整天，one day 有一天，all of a sudden 突然，the other day 前几天，all the way 一路上/完全地

其他词组

a lot of, a number of,
a cup of coffee,
the story about your patient
most people

名词短语

连接词

表示并列 / 补充 - and — 和，并且 - also — 也，还 - as well as — 以及，和 - not only… but also… — 不仅……而且…… - besides — 此外 - moreover — 而且，此外（正式） - furthermore — 此外，再者（正式） - in addition — 另外
表示转折 / 对比 - but — 但是 - however — 然而 - although / though — 虽然 - even though — 即使，尽管 - while — 而（对比） - whereas — 然而（正式） - on the other hand — 另一方面 - nevertheless — 尽管如此 - yet — 然而，却
表示原因 / 结果 - because — 因为 - since — 既然，因为 - as — 由于 - because of — 因为（+名词） - due to — 由于（正式） - so — 所以 - therefore — 因此（正式） - thus — 因此，从而（正式） - as a result — 结果 - consequently — 因此，结果（正式）
表示顺序 / 时间 - first / firstly — 首先 - second / secondly — 其次 - then — 然后 - next — 接下来 - after that — 在那之后 - finally — 最后 - meanwhile — 与此同时 - later — 后来 - eventually — 最终 - at first — 起初
表示举例 / 强调 - for example — 例如 - for instance — 例如 - such as — 比如（+名词） - like — 像……一样（口语） - especially — 尤其是 - in particular — 特别是 - indeed — 确实，的确 - in fact — 事实上
表示总结 / 结论 - in conclusion — 总之（正式） - to sum up — 总结一下 - in summary — 概括地说 - overall — 总体而言 - all in all — 总的来说（口语） - in short — 简而言之 - therefore — 因此
表示条件 - if — 如果 - unless — 除非 - as long as — 只要 - provided that — 假如（正式） - in case — 万一
表示让步 - although / though — 虽然 - even though — 即使 - despite — 尽管（+名词） - in spite of — 尽管（+名词）
还有一些副词：
personally, …
一些句型也起到连接词的作用，比如宾语从句，表语从句：
i think …
短语/句型
I’ve been talking about myself all night long. 现在完成进行时 I’ve been doing …
What I wanted to say was, uh…我想说的是… 主语从句 what … is …，

语法 Grammar

Parts of speech: Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections
Tenses, Voice, Negation, Subjunctive Mood, Inversion, Comparative Sentences, Non-finite Verbs
Simple sentences, Complex sentences, Clauses

Parts of Speech

Noun: A noun names a person, place, thing, animal, quality, action, idea, feeling, or state.

Classification by Meaning
1. Common Noun: General name, no capital letter: boy, city, coffee, water, teacher, book
2. Proper Noun: Special name, capital first letter: Lucy, China, Monday, January, Starbucks, the Yellow River
3. Abstract Noun: No shape, can’t touch/see: happiness, sadness, health, love, time, sleep, freedom
4. Collective Noun: Names a group of people/things: family, class, team, crowd, government, audience
Countable / Uncountable
1. Countable Noun: Can count, has singular & plural: cup → cups, student → students, apple → apples
2. Uncountable Noun: Can’t count directly, no plural form: coffee, water, milk, rice, money, weather
Functions in a Sentence: Subject - Object - Predicative - Object of Preposition - Appositive
- Example: Coffee tastes good. → Coffee = Subject. I like coffee. → coffee = Object.
- Common Mistake: Don’t add “s” to uncountable nouns: ❌ coffees (wrong when meaning drink) ✅ a cup of coffee

Pronoun: A pronoun replaces a noun to avoid repeating the same word again and again.

Classification
1. Personal Pronoun: Subject form: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. Object form: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
2. Possessive Pronoun: Adjective form: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. Noun form: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
3. Reflexive Pronoun: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves
4. Demonstrative Pronoun: this, that, these, those
5. Interrogative Pronoun: who, whom, whose, what, which
6. Indefinite Pronoun: someone, anyone, everyone, something, nothing, all, many, few
Functions: Same as nouns — can be subject, object, predicative.
- Example: She likes coffee. (Subject) I gave him a cup. (Object)

Verb: A verb expresses an action or a state of being.

Classification by Meaning
1. Action Verb
  - Transitive Verb (needs an object): I drink coffee.
  - Intransitive Verb (no object): He smiles.
2. Linking Verb (connects subject and description): am, is, are, was, were, become, get, turn, seem, look, sound, taste
  - Example: Coffee tastes nice.
3. Auxiliary Verb (helps main verb with tense, question, negative): do/does/did, have/has, will, can, may, must
  - Example: I can drink coffee.
Classification by Tense Form
- Regular verbs: work → worked
- Irregular verbs: drink → drank → drunk
Core Rule: Every complete sentence must have a verb. No verb = no sentence.
Phrasal Verbs: (placeholder)
Tenses: Expressing time through verb forms.
1. Simple Tenses
  - Simple Present: habits, general truths — do/does: I get up at 7.
  - Simple Past: completed past action — did: I went home yesterday.
  - Simple Future: will do / be going to do
2. Continuous Tenses (action in progress): am/is/are doing; was/were doing
3. Perfect Tenses (completed action affecting the present): have/has done; had done
  - Perfect Continuous (action ongoing): have/has been doing
4. Memory Aid: Simple → looks at time; Continuous → looks at ongoing action; Perfect → looks at result/impact
Voice: Active vs. passive distinction.
1. Active: The subject performs the action: He cleans the room.
2. Passive: The subject receives the action: Formula: be + done: The room is cleaned by him.
  - Simple Present Passive: am/is/are done
  - Simple Past Passive: was/were done
  - Future Passive: will be done
  - Present Perfect Passive: have/has been done
3. Rule: When the subject is acted upon (equivalent to “be + past participle” in meaning), use the passive voice.
Negation: Making sentences negative with not.
1. Action verbs → add don’t / doesn’t / didn’t + base verb: I like it → I don’t like it.
2. be verbs / modal verbs (can/will/must) → add not directly: He is here → He isn’t here.

Adjective: An adjective modifies / describes nouns and pronouns only. It answers: What kind? / Which one? / How many? / How much?

Classification
1. Descriptive Adjective: hot, cold, sweet, beautiful, busy
2. Quantitative Adjective: one, two, some, many, few
3. Demonstrative Adjective: this cup, that shop, these people
Position Rule
1. Usually before noun: hot coffee
2. After linking verb: The coffee is hot.
Degrees: Positive → Comparative → Superlative: hot → hotter → hottest, good → better → best.
Key Rule: Adjective never modifies a verb. That is the adverb’s job.

Adverb: Modifies verb / adjective / another adverb / whole sentence. Answers: How? When? Where? How often? How much?

Main Types
- Manner: slowly, happily, clearly
- Time: now, then, today, soon
- Place: here, there, outside
- Frequency: always, usually, often, sometimes, never
- Degree: very, quite, too, really, almost
Adverb Categories with Examples
- Manner (how): quickly, slowly, carefully, happily, loudly — He runs fast. She speaks English well.
- Time (when): now, then, today, yesterday, soon, already — I will go tomorrow. Now let’s start.
- Place (where): here, there, home, abroad, upstairs — Come here. He went abroad.
- Frequency (how often): always > usually > often > sometimes > seldom > never — Position: after be, before main verb — He always gets up early. She is never late.
- Degree (to what extent): very, quite, rather, too, really, almost — Modifies adj/adv: It’s very cold. He runs quite fast. Before main verb: They really enjoy the movie. At end: much / very much / a lot.
- Interrogative (asking): when, where, why, how — Where do you live? Why are you late?
Critical Difference: Adjective vs Adverb
- Adjective → only describes noun
- Adverb → describes verb / adj / adverb
- Example: He is a quick boy. (adj + noun) He runs quickly. (adv + verb)
Position Rule: Adverbs can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence.
Adverb Position Rules
- Modifying verb → usually at the end: She sings beautifully.
- Modifying adj/adv → before the word: very good / too quickly
- Frequency adverbs → after be, before main verb: He is often busy. He often goes there.
- Multiple adverbs order: Manner → Place → Time: He runs fast (manner) in the park (place) every morning (time).
Adjective to Adverb Rules
- Generally add -ly: quick → quickly
- Words ending in y: change y to i + ly: happy → happily, easy → easily
- Irregular (must memorize): good → well, fast → fast (same form), hard → hard (hardworking) / hardly (scarcely)
- Confusing pairs: hard (diligently) / hardly (scarcely), late (not on time) / lately (recently), near (close) / nearly (almost)
Remember: Adjectives modify nouns; corresponding adverbs modify verbs.

Preposition: Shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and other words in time, place, direction, possession.

Common Prepositions
- Time: in, on, at, before, after, during
- Place: in, on, under, beside, near, behind
- Others: with, for, to, from, by, about
Golden Rule
1. A preposition must have an object (noun/pronoun) after it.
2. A preposition never stands alone.
3. After a preposition, use the object pronoun: ✅ with me / with him ❌ with I / with he
Example: I drink coffee in the morning. (in = preposition; the morning = object of preposition)

Conjunction: Connects words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

3 Major Types
1. Coordinating Conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so — Connect equal parts.
2. Subordinating Conjunction: because, if, when, although, while, since — Connect main clause + subordinate clause.
3. Correlative Conjunction: both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also
Example: I love coffee and tea. I drink coffee because I like it.

Interjection: Expresses sudden strong feeling: surprise, joy, pain, anger, excitement.

Features
1. Has no grammatical relation to the sentence.
2. Usually at the start, followed by an exclamation mark.
3. Can stand alone.
Common: Wow! Oh! Oops! Hey! Ah! Oh my god!
Example: Wow! This coffee is perfect.

Syntax

Core Idea: English syntax = Sentence Components + 5 Basic Sentence Patterns + Clauses + Word Order Rules. Every English sentence, no matter how long or complex, follows this framework.

7 Sentence Components: The 7 building blocks of any sentence.

Subject (S): Who/what performs the action
Predicate/Verb (V): The action or state (the heart of the sentence)
Object (O): The receiver of the action
Predicative (P): Follows a linking verb, describes the subject’s identity/state
Attribute (Attributive): Modifies a noun (answers “which/what kind of”)
Adverbial (Adverb): Modifies a verb/adjective/whole sentence (time, place, reason, manner, degree)
Complement: Completes the meaning of the subject or object

5 Basic Sentence Patterns: All simple sentences follow these 5 patterns. Long sentences are built from these basic units.

S + V (Subject + Intransitive Verb): He runs. Birds fly.
S + V + O (Subject + Transitive Verb + Object): I love you. She reads books.
S + V + P (Subject + Linking Verb + Predicative — can be noun/adjective/prepositional phrase): He is a teacher. The flower smells nice.
S + V + IO + DO (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object): He gave me a book. (me = IO, a book = DO)
S + V + O + C (Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement): We make him happy.

Key Distinction: Action Verb vs. Linking Verb

Action Verb: Has actual meaning — eat, run, see, do
Linking Verb: No action, only connects — be (am/is/are), sense verbs (look, sound, smell, taste, feel), change verbs (become, get, turn)

Attribute & Adverbial Usage: How modifiers work in sentences.

Attribute (modifies a noun)
- Prepositive: Single adjective/noun before the noun → a beautiful girl
- Postpositive: Phrase/clause after the noun → the girl under the tree
Adverbial (modifies the action — time, place, reason, manner)
- Position is flexible: beginning, middle, or end.
- I study English at home every day. (at home = place, every day = time)

3 Types of Clauses: Simple clauses as sentence components.

Noun Clause — acts as a noun (subject, object, predicative)
- Object clause: I know that you are right.
- Subject clause: What he said is true.
Adjective Clause (Relative Clause) — modifies a noun
- The book that I bought is good.
Adverbial Clause — modifies the verb, showing time, reason, condition, concession
- When I was young, I liked music. (time)
- I stay home because it rains. (reason)

Word Order Rules: Key differences from Chinese word order.

Basic order: Subject + Verb + Object (similar to Chinese)
Short modifiers go before, long modifiers go after
Questions: auxiliary/be verb moves before the subject: You are happy → Are you happy?
Negatives: auxiliary verb + not: I like it → I don’t like it.

Summary of Syntax Analysis: How to analyze any sentence.

Find the main structure first: subject, verb, object / subject, linking verb, predicative
Then identify modifiers: attributes modify nouns, adverbials modify verbs
For long sentences, bracket the clauses — what remains is the simple sentence

Subjunctive Mood: Expresses unreality, hypothesis, regret, or suggestion.

Present contrary to fact: If + past tense → would + base verb: If I were you, I would study hard.
Past contrary to fact: If + had done → would have + past participle: If I had studied, I would have passed.
wish: I wish I could go to the park.
Suggestions/Demands (after suggest, advise, demand): (should) + base verb: I suggest he (should) go at once.
Memory Aid: Present → past tense; Past → past perfect; Suggestions → base form.

Inversion: Changing normal word order.

Partial Inversion: Never have I seen him. (Auxiliary verb moves before the subject; main verb stays after)
Full Inversion: Here comes the bus. (The whole predicate moves before the subject; no auxiliary needed)
Normal order: Subject + Verb + Object. Inversion: Auxiliary / Be / Modal before the subject.
Questions are the most basic inversion: You are happy → Are you happy?
Negative words at the start trigger inversion: Never / Little / Hardly / Seldom / No sooner → Never have I seen him.
Only + adverbial at the start: Only then did I realize it.
So / Neither inversion: I like it. → So do I. I don’t like it. → Neither do I.
Essence: Move the auxiliary before the subject; the main verb goes back to its base form.

Sentence Types: Sentences can be classified by their function into four types.

Declarative: States a fact or opinion.
- I like coffee.
- The sun rises in the east.
Interrogative: Asks a question.
- Yes/No Question: Is she your classmate? Do you like coffee?
- Wh- Question: How do you go to school? Where do you live?
- Choice Question: Do you like coffee or tea?
- Tag Question: It is cold today, isn’t it?
Imperative: Gives a command or request.
- Affirmative: Hand in your homework. Close the door.
- Negative: Don’t touch the fire. Don’t be late.
- Polite: Could you pass me the pen? Please sit down.
Exclamatory: Expresses strong emotion.
- What + noun: What a lovely cat it is! What a beautiful day!
- How + adj/adv: How beautiful the park is! How fast he runs!

Non-Finite Verbs: Forms: to do (infinitive), doing (gerund/present participle), and done (past participle).

To do (Infinitive)
- Form: to + base verb (to eat, to run)
- Purpose / intention: I study hard to pass the exam.
- After certain adjectives: I’m glad to see you.
- After certain verbs: She wants to leave.
- As subject (formal): To err is human.
- Verbs followed by infinitive: want, need, decide, hope, plan, promise, agree, refuse, learn, afford, fail, manage, tend, seem, appear
- for someone to do something
Doing (Gerund / Present Participle)
- As Gerund (noun function)
  - Subject: Swimming is good exercise. 更多例句。
  - Object: I enjoy reading.
  - After prepositions: I’m good at singing.
- As Present Participle
  - Continuous tenses: She is working now.
  - Adjective: The movie was boring.
- Verbs followed by gerund: enjoy, finish, avoid, consider, suggest, mind, practice, quit, miss, imagine, deny, admit, postpone, risk, can’t help, feel like, be worth, be used to, look forward to
- 独立主格：
Done (Past Participle)
- Perfect tenses: I have finished my work.
- Passive voice: The cake was eaten.
- Adjective: I’m done (finished). / The work is completed.
- Reduced relative clause: The man injured in the accident was taken to hospital. 在名词后面。
Key Differences: Infinitive vs. Gerund: Some verbs change meaning depending on the form.
- I stopped to smoke (stopped in order to smoke) vs. I stopped smoking (quit the habit)
- I remember to call (don’t forget to do it) vs. I remember calling (recall the memory)
- I forgot to lock (didn’t do it) vs. I forgot locking (don’t recall doing it)
- I tried to open (attempted but difficult) vs. I tried opening (experimented with a method)
- I regret to tell (sorry, I must say…) vs. I regret telling (wish I hadn’t said it)

Clauses: A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb.

Types
- Independent Clause (Main Clause): Can stand alone: She sings beautifully. ✓ (complete sentence)
- Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause): Cannot stand alone; needs a main clause.
Functions
- Noun clause → acts as a subject/object: I know that she is busy.
- Adjective clause (relative clause) → modifies a noun: The man who called is my boss.
- Adverb clause → modifies verb/adj/adv: I left because I was tired.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
- Time: when, while, before, after, until, since, as soon as
- Reason: because, since, as
- Condition: if, unless, provided that
- Contrast: although, though, even though, while
- Purpose: so that, in order that
Examples
- When the rain stopped, we went outside. (adverb clause of time)
- The book that I borrowed is interesting. (adjective/relative clause)
- What he said surprised me. (noun clause as subject)
Relative Clauses (who, which, that, whose, whom)
- Defining (essential, no commas): The teacher who teaches math is nice.
- Non-defining (extra info, with commas): My brother, who lives in Paris, is visiting.
3 Most Important Clauses
- Noun Clause
  - Works like a noun (thing / person / idea)
  - Starts with: that / if / whether / wh-words
  - Examples:
    - I know that you are right.
    - I don’t know where he lives.
    - She asked if I was tired.
- Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)
  - Modifies a noun
  - Starts with: who / which / that / where / when / whose
  - Examples:
    - The girl who is smiling is my friend.
    - The book that I bought is good.
    - This is the park where we met.
- Adverbial Clause
  - Modifies verb / adjective / whole sentence
  - Shows: time, reason, condition, purpose, contrast
  - Common linkers: when, because, if, although, until, so that
  - Examples:
    - I will call you when I finish work. (time)
    - He stayed home because he was sick. (reason)
    - If you try hard, you will win. (condition)
    - Although it rained, we went out. (contrast)

句型，按照语法

词性

动词：She sings beautifully. He runs every morning. I eat breakfast at seven.
形容词：
- 形容词+名词： It is a beautiful day.
- 系动词+形容词：She is happy. The coffee is hot.
副词：
- 句中 I often go there.
- 句尾，方式副词： She sings very well. He runs quickly.
介词：
- 地点：The book is on the desk.
- 方式：She goes to school by bus.
- 构成短语动词：I will wait for you.
连词：I like tea and coffee. She sings but he dances. I will go because I want to.
代词：She is a teacher. This is my book. Give it to me.
数词，名词前：There are five apples. She is the first to come. I have two brothers.
冠词：
- 不定冠词 a/an: I have a cat. She is an engineer.
- 定冠词 the: The sun rises in the east.
- 零冠词：I like music.（泛指） He goes to school by bus.（固定搭配）
感叹词：Oh! Wow! Well! Oops! Hey! Alas!

句子

疑问句

一般疑问句: Is she your classmate?
特殊疑问句: How do you go to school?
选择疑问句: Do you like coffee or tea?
反义疑问句: It is cold today, isn’t it?

祈使句

肯定祈使句: Hand in your homework.
否定祈使句: Don’t touch the fire.
委婉祈使句: Could you pass me the pen?

感叹句

What引导感叹句: What a lovely cat it is!
How引导感叹句: How beautiful the park is!

陈述句

陈述句: I like coffee. She goes to school by bus. The sun rises in the east.

英语五大基本句型

主谓 S+V（不及物动词）: Birds fly. He runs. The sun rises.
主系表 S+V（系动词）+P: The leaves turn yellow. She is happy. He becomes a teacher.
- - 名词: He is a teacher. This is my book.
- - 形容词: She looks beautiful. The food smells good.
- - 副词: She is here. The class is over.
- - 介词短语: The book is on the desk. She is from China.
- - 从句: The truth is that he was right. That is what I need.
主谓宾 S+V（及物动词）+O: She likes music. I love books. We enjoy music.
主谓双宾 S+V+IO+DO: My father bought me a bike. She gave me a pen. I sent him an email.
主谓宾补 S+V+O+C: We named the dog Lucky. We keep the room clean. I saw him playing basketball.
- 补语是名词、形容词、介词

可以有修饰语，状语可以是副词、介词短语做

主谓宾状，句尾有状语：

主动/被动句

被动句: Rice is grown in the south.
不同时态的被动句
- 一般过去时被动句: The bridge was built ten years ago.
- 一般将来时被动句: A new park will be built here.
- 现在完成时被动句: The work has been finished.

肯定/否定句

肯定句: I go to school every day.
否定句: He doesn’t like spicy food.
双重否定句: There is no one who doesn’t know him.

There be 存在句

There be: There is a tree in the yard.

it 句型

It作形式主语: It is important to learn English.
It作形式宾语: I find it easy to swim.
It’s + adj. + for sb to do: It’s easy for me to solve this problem.
It’s + adj. + of sb to do: It’s kind of you to help me.

倒装句

全倒装: Here comes the bus.
部分倒装（否定词开头）: Never have I seen such a beautiful place.

强调句

It is…that…: It is love that makes the world warm.

省略句

省略句: — Where are you going? — To the library.

插入语

插入语: The plan, in my opinion, is perfect.

比较句

than比较: He runs faster than me.
as…as…: She is as tall as her mother.
not as/so…as…: This book is not as interesting as that one.
the more…the more…: The harder you work, the luckier you get.
倍数比较: This room is twice as big as that one.

建议句

What about / How about doing: How about going for a walk?
Why not do: Why not take a taxi?
had better do: You had better go to bed early.
had better not do: You had better not stay up late.

情态动词

表现在推测 must: He must be at home now.
表否定推测 can’t: It can’t be true.
情态动词 + have done: They must have arrived already.

虚拟语气

与现在事实相反: If I were you, I would accept it.
与过去事实相反: If you had studied hard, you would have passed.
省略if的虚拟倒装: Were I you, I would take the chance.
wish: I wish I could go to the park.

用于引导，后面接句子、从句、不定式。

I think: I think that he is right. I think we should go now.
What … is …: What I need is your support. What matters most is your attitude.
The … is …: The problem is that we have no time. The key is to stay focused.
anyway, …: Anyway, let’s start the meeting. Anyway, that’s not important.

时态

一般现在时: We clean the classroom every morning.
一般过去时: I visited Beijing last year.
一般将来时(will): I will visit you tomorrow.
- be going to: It is going to rain.
现在进行时: They are watching TV now.
- 过去进行时: I was reading at eight last night.
现在完成时 have done: I have finished my homework.
- 过去完成时: He had left when I arrived.
- 现在完成时副词有 ever, never：Have you ever been to Japan? - They have never seen snow before. - I have seen this movie before.
- 现在完成时介词有 for, since: - I have lived here for ten years. - I have lived here since 2015.
- 现在完成进行时，表示一直在做某事 have been doing: I have been waiting for an hour. She has been studying English for three years.

短语动词

非谓语动词

to do 不定式

作主语: To learn English well is useful.
作目的状语: She gets up early to catch the bus.
作结果状语: He grew up to be a doctor.
作表语: My dream is to become a doctor. His goal is to win the game.
疑问词+不定式: I don’t know what to do. Can you tell me how to get there?
形容词+不定式: The question is easy to answer.
It作形式主语，不定式是真正的主语: It is useful to learn English well.
It作形式宾语: I find it hard to solve the problem.
too…to…: The box is too heavy to carry.
enough…to…: He is tall enough to reach the shelf.
for someone to do something: It is important for us to learn English. It is easy for me to solve this problem.

doing 动名词

作主语: Swimming is good for health.
作宾语: I enjoy reading.
作表语: My hobby is collecting stamps.
作定语: a swimming pool

doing 现在分词

作定语: a falling leaf
作状语: Hearing the news, she cried.
作宾补: I saw him playing basketball.
独立主格: Weather permitting, we will go hiking.

done 过去分词

作完成时: I have finished my work.
作被动语态: The cake was eaten.
作定语: a broken window
作表语: The window is broken.
作宾补: I had my hair cut.
作状语: Seen from the hill, the park is beautiful.

to do vs doing

It’s time to do sth: It’s time to have lunch.
It takes sb + 时间 + to do: It takes me 20 minutes to walk to school.
spend time/money doing: I spend one hour reading daily.
感官动词 + 宾语 + do (全过程): I saw him enter the room.
感官动词 + 宾语 + doing (正在进行): I saw him playing basketball.
be used to doing: He is used to getting up early.
used to do: I used to play football after school.
have sb do sth: I had my brother help me with my homework.
have sth done: I have my hair cut every month.
常用动词搭配
- seem/happen/pretend/decide/plan/hope/offer + to do
- allow/ask/tell/want sb + to do
- make/let/have sb + do
- feel like / be busy / be good at / be interested in / be afraid of + doing
- be ready/willing/able/about + to do
- keep/stop/remember/forget/regret/try/mean + to do / doing (意义不同)
- would rather do than do / prefer to do rather than do
- be worth doing / can’t help doing / look forward to doing / devote…to doing

并列句

and：表示并列、承接 I like music and I play the guitar.
but：表示转折 She is tired but she keeps working.
not only…but also…: Not only he but also I like music.
either…or…: Either you or he is wrong.
neither…nor…: Neither Tom nor Lily likes running.

从句

状语从句

时间

when当…时: When spring comes, flowers bloom.
while: While I was reading, he was playing.
as soon as: I’ll call you as soon as I arrive.
not…until…: He didn’t stop working until midnight.

原因

because因为: I stayed home because it rained.
since: Since you know it, I won’t explain.
as: As it was late, we went home.

条件

if如果: If you study hard, you will pass.
unless除非: You will fail unless you try.
as long as只要: As long as you believe, you can do it.

让步

although虽然: Although he is old, he is strong.
even if即使: Even if I fail, I won’t give up.
no matter(无论) + 疑问词: No matter what happens, I will support you.
疑问词 + ever: Whoever you are, you must follow the rules.

目的/结果

so that … can: Speak clearly so that others can hear you.
so…that…: He was so sleepy that he fell asleep.
such…that…: It’s such a nice film that I watch it again.
in order to: She gets up early in order to practice.
in order that: He studies hard in order that he may succeed.

比较

than: He runs faster than me.
as…as…: She is as tall as her mother.

方式

as: Do as I tell you.

定语从句

who（指人）: The girl who is singing is my sister.
which（指物）: This is the book which I bought yesterday.
that（人/物）: This is the best movie that I’ve seen.
非限制性定语从句: He missed the train, which made him upset.
修饰主语：The man who is standing there is my teacher.
修饰宾语：I like the book that you recommended.
修饰介词宾语：This is the person whom I talked about.
从句嵌套：This is the movie that the director who won the award made.

名词从句

that引导宾语从句: I think that he is right.
if/whether引导宾语从句: I don’t know if he will come.
形容词+宾语从句：I am sure that he will come. I’m afraid that I can’t help you.
特殊疑问词引导宾语从句: Could you tell me where the bank is?
同位语从句: The fact that he passed surprised us.
主语从句：What he said is true. Whether she will come is still unknown.
表语从句：The question is whether we can finish on time. That is what I want.

长句

有的时候会作为长难句来分析。

长主语
- 主语从句
- 主语谓语隔开，有修饰成分比如介词短语，定语从句，非谓语动词。
长状语
长宾语

句型，按照功能

原因

按功能的英语常用句型（分场景，附例句，实用好记）

表达观点/看法 1. I think (that)… 我认为…… I think it is a good idea. 2. In my opinion,… 在我看来…… 3. I believe (that)… 我相信…… 4. As far as I know,… 据我所知…… 5. Personally, I think… 就我个人而言…… ##
同意/赞同 1. I agree (with you). 我同意（你）。 2. I can’t agree more. 我完全赞同。 3. That’s true. 没错。 4. You are right. 你说得对。 ##
反对/不赞同 1. I don’t agree. 我不同意。 2. I disagree with you. 我不赞同你。 3. I don’t think so. 我不这么认为。 4. I’m afraid I can’t agree. 恐怕我无法认同。 ##
询问信息/提问 1. What do you think of…? 你觉得……怎么样？ 2. Could you tell me…? 你能告诉我……吗？ 3. How do you like…? 你认为……如何？ 4. May I ask…? 我可以问一下……吗？ 5. What about / How about…? ……怎么样？（提建议/询问看法） ##
提出建议 1. You should / You’d better… 你应该/你最好…… 2. Why not + 动词原形? 为什么不……？ Why not go now? 3. Why don’t you…? 你为什么不……？ 4. Let’s… 我们……吧。 5. It’s a good idea to do… 做……是个好主意。 ##
表达感谢 1. Thank you (very much). （非常）感谢。 2. Thanks a lot. 多谢。 3. Thanks for doing sth. 谢谢你做某事。 Thanks for helping me. 4. It’s very kind of you. 你人真好。 ##
回应感谢（不客气） 1. You’re welcome. 不客气。 2. That’s all right. 没关系/不客气。 3. Not at all. 别客气。 4. My pleasure. 乐意效劳。 ##
道歉/致歉 1. Sorry. / I’m sorry. 对不起。 2. I’m sorry for doing sth. 我为做某事道歉。 3. Excuse me. 打扰一下；抱歉（问路/打断别人）。 ##
回应道歉（原谅） 1. That’s OK. 没事。 2. It doesn’t matter. 没关系。 3. Never mind. 别放在心上。 ##
邀请/邀约 1. Would you like to do…? 你想要/愿意做……吗？ 2. Will you come to…? 你要来……吗？ 3. Let’s go to…, shall we? 我们去……好吗？ ##
接受/拒绝邀请 - 接受： Yes, I’d love to. 好的，我很乐意。 Sure / Of course. 当然。 - 拒绝： I’d love to, but… 我很想去，但是…… Sorry, I can’t. 抱歉，我去不了。 ##
表达喜好/厌恶 1. I like / love… 我喜欢…… 2. I enjoy doing sth. 我喜欢做某事。 3. I don’t like / hate… 我不喜欢/讨厌…… 4. My favorite… is… 我最喜欢的……是…… ##
描述原因（解释理由） 1. Because… 因为…… 2. The reason is that… 原因是…… 3. That’s why… 这就是……的原因。 ##
表示祝愿/祝福 1. Good luck! 祝你好运！ 2. Have a good time! 玩得开心！ 3. Happy…! 节日快乐！（Happy New Year） 4. Wish you… 祝你…… ##
总结/过渡（写作/口语） 1. In a word,… 总之…… 2. All in all,… 总而言之…… 3. First,… Second,… Finally,… 首先……其次……最后…… 4. What’s more,… 而且/此外……

英语中表达观点的句型有哪些？
分基础款（日常/中小学）、进阶款（写作/口语高阶），按常用度排序，配例句，方便背诵和使用。 # 一、基础常用（口语、简单写作） 1. I think (that)… 我认为…… I think he is right. 2. I believe (that)… 我相信/我觉得…… I believe we can win. 3. In my opinion,… 在我看来…… In my opinion, it’s a good plan. 4. As far as I know,… 据我所知…… As far as I know, the meeting is put off. 5. I feel (that)… 我感觉/我认为…… I feel this way is better. # 二、委婉表达观点（礼貌语气） 1. I guess (that)… 我想/我猜…… 2. I suppose (that)… 我认为/想必…… 3. It seems to me that… 在我看来…… It seems to me that you are tired. # 三、强调个人立场（正式口语/作文） 1. Personally,… / Personally speaking,… 就我个人而言…… Personally, I prefer reading. 2. From my point of view,… 在我看来…… 3. As for me,… 至于我/对我来说…… 4. To me,… 对我而言…… # 四、高级句型（初高中/考场作文，提分专用） 1. I hold the view that… 我认为…… 2. In my view,… 在我看来……（比 in my opinion 稍正式） 3. As far as I am concerned,… 就我而言……（作文高频） 4. I am of the opinion that… 我持这样的观点…… 5. From my perspective,… 在我视角/看来（书面高级） # 五、引出他人观点（议论文常用） 1. Some people think that… 有些人认为…… 2. Many people believe that… 很多人认为…… 3. People hold the idea that… 人们认为…… — ### 补充小用法 - 否定转移：I don’t think (that)… 我认为……不…… I don’t think it is difficult. 我觉得这不难。

英语中表达建议的句型有哪些？
按日常口语、委婉礼貌、正式书面分类，附例句和用法说明，好记好用。 ### 一、基础口语（最常用，适合日常交流） 1. You should + 动词原形 你应该…… You should get up early. 2. You’d better + 动词原形 你最好……（语气偏提醒） You’d better take an umbrella. 3. Why not + 动词原形? 为什么不……？ Why not try again? 4. Why don’t you + 动词原形? 你为何不……？ Why don’t you ask for help? 5. Let’s + 动词原形 我们……吧（提议共同行动） Let’s go for a walk. 6. What about / How about + 名词/doing? ……怎么样？ How about going to the park? ### 二、委婉礼貌（语气柔和，尊重对方） 1. Maybe you could… 或许你可以…… Maybe you could call him later. 2. Could you please…? 你不妨……？ Could you please read it slowly? 3. I suggest (that) you (should) do… 我建议你……（从句should可省略） I suggest you rest for a while. 4. It’s a good idea to do… 做……是个好主意 It’s a good idea to learn English every day. ### 三、正式表达（写作、课堂、正式场合） 1. I advise sb. to do sth. 我建议某人做某事 I advise you to practise more. 2. It is advisable to do sth. 做某事是可取的 It is advisable to plan ahead. 3. My advice is that… 我的建议是…… My advice is that you keep a diary. ### 补充要点 - suggest 后接从句，谓语常用 (should) + 动词原形，不用to do； - had better 侧重“提醒、劝告”，隐含“不做可能有麻烦”，熟人之间使用居多。

补充

在阅读和听力中看到什么常用的句型就补充到这里，随后再整理到上面的句型框架中。

雅思口语句型

雅思口语句型，按照功能

表达观点 From my perspective ：From my perspective, living in a big city offers more career opportunities.
表示同意 I couldn’t agree more ：I couldn’t agree more that technology has transformed the way we communicate.
表示不同意：I see your point, but I still believe traditional education is irreplaceable.
举例说明 For instance, ：For instance, many people now prefer working remotely rather than commuting daily.
解释原因 The main reason is that ：The main reason is that environmental awareness has grown significantly in recent years.
描述变化：There has been a dramatic increase in the number of people using public transportation.
表达偏好：If I had to choose, I would definitely go with studying abroad over staying at home.
强调观点 What I’m trying to say is that ：What I’m trying to say is that we should focus more on mental health.
表达感受 What strikes me most is ：What strikes me most is the kindness of strangers in this community.
引出话题 I’d like to share ：Speaking of travel, I’d like to share an unforgettable experience I had in Japan.
补充细节 To be more specific：To be more specific, the course includes both theoretical knowledge and practical training.
表达假设If I had ：If I had more free time, I would definitely take up painting as a hobby.
总结观点All in all,：All in all, I believe that a balanced lifestyle is essential for long-term happiness.
表达对比 On the one hand,：On the one hand, city life is convenient; on the other hand, it can be quite stressful.
表达让步 Although it’s ：Although it’s expensive, I still think it’s worth investing in quality education.

雅思口语物品类句型

（Part1/Part2/Part3通用，分场景+难度，直接背诵）
一、基础开场句型（描述物品，百搭开头）
1. 引出物品

The item I want to talk about is… 我想聊的物品是……
It’s a really common/ useful thing that I use every day. 这是我日常都会用到的很常见/实用的东西。
I’ve had this thing for quite a long time. 这件东西我拥有很久了。
2. 来源&如何得到
I got it as a gift from my friend/ family. 这是朋友/家人送我的礼物。
I bought it online/ in a local shop. 我网购/在实体店买的。
It was a birthday present for me. 这是我的生日礼物。
二、外形&外观描述（颜色、大小、材质、样式）
基础句
It’s small/ big/ portable/ lightweight. 它很小/大/便携/轻便。
Its colour is… / It’s bright black/ white/ blue. 它的颜色是……
It is made of metal/ plastic/ wood/ leather. 它由金属/塑料/木头/皮革制成。
进阶高分句（提分首选）
It has a simple but elegant design. 设计简约又精致。
It’s not very eye-catching, but it looks practical. 它不算抢眼，但很实用。
The shape is round/ square/ rectangular. 外形是圆形/方形/长方形。
三、功能&用途（核心考点，必考）
基础
I mainly use it to… 我主要用它来……
It helps me a lot in my daily life/ study. 它对我的生活/学习帮助很大。
进阶
It serves multiple purposes. 它用途很多。
Without it, my daily life would be really inconvenient. 没有它，我的生活会很不方便。
It can not only… but also… 它不仅可以……还能……
四、喜好&感受（喜欢/原因、情感价值）
喜欢的原因
I like it because it’s extremely convenient. 我喜欢它是因为特别方便。
What I love most about it is its durability. 我最喜欢它经久耐用。
情感意义（Part2高频：有特殊回忆/意义）
This thing means a lot to me. 这件物品对我意义重大。
It reminds me of my childhood/ old friends. 它让我想起童年/老友。
Every time I see it, I feel warm and happy. 每次看到它，我都觉得温暖开心。
评价优缺点
The only downside is that… 唯一的缺点是……
Overall, it’s totally worth buying. 总的来说，它非常值得入手。
五、使用场景&使用频率
I use it almost every single day. 我几乎每天都在用。
I usually use it when I’m at home/ travelling/ studying. 我在家/旅行/学习时会用到它。
I take it with me wherever I go. 我走到哪带到哪。
六、Part3 深度讨论句型（社会、人群、趋势）
1. 人们使用物品
Nowadays, most people rely on… in their daily lives. 如今大多数人日常生活都依赖……
Young people tend to prefer fashionable items, while elders focus more on practicality. 年轻人偏爱潮流物件，长辈更看重实用性。
2. 新旧物品/更换习惯
People don’t keep things for long these days. 现在人们不会长时间保留一件物品。
Many people like to replace old things with new ones regularly. 很多人习惯定期换新。
3. 礼物/物品意义
For many people, gifts are more about feelings than value. 对很多人来说，礼物重在心意而非价格。
七、完整套句（直接套用，Part2 串题模板）
标准版（6分）
The item I’d like to describe is my 手机/书包/水杯. I got it two years ago, and I bought it in a shopping mall. It is white and made of plastic. I use it every day mainly for studying and communication. I really like it because it is very practical. Besides, it was chosen by my parents, so it means a lot to me.
高分版（7+）
What I’m going to talk about is my portable water bottle. I’ve owned it for over two years. It has a minimalist design and is made of safe stainless steel. I carry it everywhere I go, especially when I go out or exercise. Not only is it lightweight and durable, but it also always reminds me of my best friend who gave it to me. Honestly, I can hardly live without it now.
补充：高频连接词（让语句更流畅）
Besides / In addition 此外
Actually / To be honest 说实话
As a result 因此
What’s more 而且
On the other hand 另一方面
日常对话

参考走遍美国/老友记中的句子。

同意/不同意
- 同意：Yes. Absolutely. Certainly. That’s right. Of course. Exactly. I agree. You’re right.
- 不同意：I don’t think so. No, thanks.
感谢与回应
- 感谢：Thank you. Thanks. Thank you very much. Thank you for your help. I really appreciate it. Thank you for bringing Richard’s bag back.
- 回应：You’re welcome.
道歉：Sorry. I’m sorry. I’m really sorry. I’m sorry I’m so late.
问候：Hi. Good morning. What’s up? How’s it going? It’s nice to meet you. How do you do?
告别：Bye-bye. Goodbye. See you later.
祝福：Good luck! Congratulations!
请求帮助：Can you help me?
时间
- 询问时间：What time is it? It’s six o’clock. It’s ten after six.
- 天气：What’s the weather like?
地点、问路
- 问路：Where is the bathroom? Can you tell me how to get to Linden Street, in Riverdale?
- 指路：You should take the number 1 train to Van Cortlandt Park.
- 地点：The little golden key was lying on the glass table as before.
点餐/购物：How much is this?
表达情绪：That’s funny. Oh, my God.
发表意见/询问感受：What did you think? How do you feel? All right. Okay.
建议：How about green? What about …? Would you like some coffee? Would you like to see them? Would you like something to eat?
人物与职业
- 居住：He lives in Florida.
- 职业：She works for a toy company.
对话示例
- When did you come here? Three months ago.
- What’s her name? Ellen.
- Where do you live? We live in California.
- How old are you? Five.
- Would you like some coffee? No, thank you.
赞美

精读

通过分析句子来学习表达。

The Mysterious Affair at Styles

The intense interest aroused in the public by what was known at the time as “The Styles Case” has now somewhat subsided. 当时被称为”斯泰尔斯案”的事件在公众中激起的强烈兴趣现在已经有所减退。
- what was known as 当时被称为…（固定表达）
Nevertheless, in view of the world-wide notoriety which attended it, I have been asked, both by my friend Poirot and the family themselves, to write an account of the whole story.
This, we trust, will effectually silence the sensational rumours which still persist.
I will therefore briefly set down the circumstances which led to my being connected with the affair.

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

ALICE was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, “and what is the use of a book,” thought Alice, “without pictures or conversations?”
So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid) whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her.

单词

读音

音节，按照连续的元音
连读，重要，节奏（动词名词占一拍）。

词缀/词根

附录

文档最初创建于 2025年12月7日，之后有补充和调整。

参考资料

《朗文多功能分类词典》
《全新大学英语1-4级词汇分类图解 – 黎小说主编》
《大学英语考试6000单词分类归纳记忆 – 吴铭方主编》

2026年2月19日，23:50:48
TODO: 整理一下格式，不要调整换行。

2025-12-07-英语笔记

英语笔记使用一篇 20251207 的笔记拆分出来的，原来单个文件有点长。

介词用法

常用介词
about
with
in
at
on
to

时间介词
地点介词

补充

补充，简单语法

引言1

Here is a simple, practical grammar primer you can start using today.

Core idea

English mostly uses Subject + Verb + Object (SVO) word order.
Small words (a, the, in, on, not, is/are, do/does) carry a lot of meaning.

Parts of speech 词性

Noun: a person, place, or thing (e.g., cat, city, idea)
Pronoun: replaces a noun (I, you, he, she, it, they)
Verb: action or state (eat, run, is, have)
Adjective: describes a noun (red, big, interesting)
Adverb: describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb (quickly, very)
Determiner: articles and determiners (a, an, the, this, that)
Preposition: shows a relationship (in, on, at, with)
Conjunction: connects ideas (and, but, because)

Tenses 时态

Simple present: I eat breakfast. You work every day.
Present continuous: I am eating now. They are studying.
Simple past: She walked to the store. We watched a movie.
Simple future (will): He will help you. They will arrive soon.
Be going to (planned future): I am going to visit mom.
Tip: use simple present for routines, simple past for finished actions, present continuous for ongoing actions now.

Negatives

Do/does not + base verb (present): I do not (don’t) like broccoli. She does not (doesn’t) bake often.
Am/Is/Are not + present participle (for be-verbs + -ing): He is not coming today.

Questions

Do/Does + subject + base verb: Do you like coffee? Does she sing?
Be + subject (for questions with be): Are you ready? Is it raining?

Articles

a/an = one, not specific. Use “a” before consonant sounds, “an” before vowel sounds.
the = a specific item.

Plurals

Plurals: usually add -s or -es (cats, boxes). Some irregulars (child -> children, man -> men).

Common quick fixes

Subject-verb agreement: He walks, I walk.
Irregular verbs: be (am/is/are), have (has), go (went, gone).
Word order matters: “She reads a book” (not “Reads she a book”).

to do/doing/done

to do: purpose, intention, after certain verbs/adjectives
doing: noun function (gerund), continuous action (participle)
done: completed action, passive, perfect tenses

引言2

8 Basic Parts of Speech (Foundation) Every English word belongs to one:

1. Noun → person / thing / place / idea: book, student, London, happiness
2. Pronoun → replace nouns: I, you, he, she, it, they, we, this, that
3. Verb → action / state: run, eat, study, is, are, have
4. Adjective → describe nouns: happy, tall, beautiful, cold
5. Adverb → describe verbs / adj / other adverbs: quickly, very, often, here, yesterday
6. Preposition → show time/place/relation: in, on, at, for, with, from, about
7. Conjunction → connect words/clauses: and, but, because, if, when, although
8. Article → a / an / the

5 Basic Sentence Structures. All English sentences follow these:
1. S + V (Subject + Verb): Birds fly.
2. S + V + O (Subject + Verb + Object): I love English.
3. S + V + C (Subject + Linking Verb + Complement): She is tired.
4. S + V + IO + DO (Indirect Object + Direct Object): He gave me a pen.
5. S + V + O + C: We keep the room clean.

All Important Verb Tenses (Most Used)

Simple Present: Habits, facts, daily life - I study English every day. - The sun rises in the east.
Present Continuous: Actions happening now - I am reading a book.
Simple Past: Finished actions in the past - I met my friend yesterday.
Past Continuous: Action in progress at a past time - I was sleeping at 10 PM last night.
Simple Future: Future plans - I will visit you tomorrow.
Present Perfect: Past action with present result - I have finished my homework.
Past Perfect: Action finished before another past action - She had left when I arrived.

Modal Verbs: Can / could / may / might / must / should / will / would

can = ability: I can swim.
must = strong obligation: You must wear a mask.
should = suggestion: You should sleep early.

Non-Finite Verbs (you asked before)

To do = Infinitive
- want to do, hope to do, plan to do
- purpose: I study to learn.
Doing = Gerund / Participle
- after enjoy / finish / mind / prepositions
  I enjoy reading.
  He is good at drawing.
Done = Past Participle
- passive / perfect
  The door is locked.

Clauses (you want this)

Independent Clause (complete sentence)
I live in China.
Dependent Clause (needs main sentence)
1. Noun Clause: - I know that you are busy.
2. Adjective Clause (Relative Clause): - The girl who helped me is kind.
3. Adverbial Clause- time: - When I arrive, I will call you. - reason: He stayed home because he was sick. - condition: If it rains, we stay inside.

Passive Voice

Active: People make cars.
Passive: Cars are made by people.
Structure: be + past participle
Many trees were planted last year.

Conditionals (If sentences)

Type 1: Real future: If it is sunny, I will go out.
Type 2: Unreal present: If I were you, I would study harder.
Type 3: Unreal past: If I had studied, I would have passed.
1. Relative Pronouns - who → person - which → thing - that → person / thing - whose → possession - where → place - when → time
2. Countable & Uncountable Nouns:
  ✅ Countable: a book, two books
  ❌ Uncountable: water, money, advice, information (no plural, cannot use a/an)
3. Comparative & Superlative
- fast → faster → fastest
- happy → happier → happiest
- good → better → best
- bad → worse → worst
  She is taller than me.
  This is the best movie.

Basic Sentence Types
1. Declarative: You are my friend.
2. Interrogative: Are you happy?
3. Imperative: Close the door.
4. Exclamatory: What a beautiful day!

Parts of speech 词性

Noun

Common vs. Proper: dog vs. London
Countable vs. Uncountable: apples vs. water
Concrete vs. Abstract: chair vs. freedom
Example: “A dog sat on the chair near London.” (illustrates common/proper and position)
Pronoun
Personal (I, you), Demonstrative (this, that), Relative (which, who), Interrogative (who, what), Indefinite (any, someone)
Example: “This is my book. It is yours.”
Verb
Lexical (main verbs) vs. Auxiliary (be, have, do, modals)
Tense/Aspect cues (simple, continuous, perfect)
Transitive vs. Intransitive
Regular vs. Irregular (walk/walked vs. go/went)
Example: “She is reading a book.” (auxiliary + lexical) vs. “He slept.” (irregular)
Adjective
Attributive vs. Predicative
Descriptive vs. Limiting (opinion vs. quantity/quality)
Comparative/Superlative forms
Example: “A quick brown fox” (attributive), “The fox is quick” (predicative)
Adverb
Manner, Time, Frequency, Degree, Place
Position in sentence (often after auxiliary, before main verb in English)
Example: “He runs quickly every morning.”
Determiner
Articles (a/an, the), Demonstratives (this/that), Possessives (my/your), Quantifiers (some, many, few), Numbers
Example: “Some of the students read their books.”
Preposition
Time (at, on, in), Place (in, on, at), Direction/Destination (to, into), Manner (by, with)
Phrasal prepositions (in front of, next to)
Example: “The cat slept on the sofa in the living room.”
Conjunction
Coordinating (and, but, or), Subordinating (because, although, if), Correlative (either…or)
Example: “I wanted to go, but it started raining.”

补充

名词
动词
形容词
副词
介词
连词

时态

语态
虚拟语气
it 句型
there be 句型

补充2

English Grammar Made Simple

The Sentence
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.
Subject: Who or what the sentence is about
Verb: The action or state of being
Example: She (subject) runs (verb).
Parts of Speech
Nouns - Words that name people, places, things, or ideas.
Examples: dog, city, happiness, John
Pronouns - Words that replace nouns.
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Verbs - Words that show action or state.
Action: run, eat, write
State: is, seem, become
Adjectives - Words that describe nouns.
Examples: happy, blue, tall, three
Adverbs - Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Examples: quickly, very, always
Prepositions - Words that show relationships (position, time, direction).
Examples: in, on, at, to, from, with
Conjunctions - Words that connect words or sentences.
Examples: and, but, or, because
Articles - Small words before nouns: a, an, the
Tenses (When things happen)
Present: I eat - Use for now, habits
Past: I ate - Use for completed actions
Future: I will eat - Use for future actions
Present Continuous: I am eating - Use for happening now
Present Perfect: I have eaten - Use for past affecting present
Basic Sentence Structures
Positive
Subject + Verb: She sings.
Subject + Verb + Object: She sings songs.
Negative
Add “not”: She does not sing.
Question
Invert subject and verb: Does she sing?
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Wrong: She don’t like it
Right: She doesn’t like it
Wrong: I have 20 years
Right: I am 20 years old
Wrong: He go to school
Right: He goes to school
Wrong: Me and John went
Right: John and I went
Quick Tips
1. Subject-Verb Agreement: Singular subjects need singular verbs.
  He walks (not “He walk”)
2. Use “a” before consonants, “an” before vowels:
  a cat, an apple
3. Adjectives before nouns:
  a beautiful day (not “a day beautiful”)
4. Questions need helping verbs:
  Do you like it? (not “You like it?”)
  Practice Makes Perfect!
  Start with simple sentences and gradually add more words. Read and listen to English every day!

句法

英语句法超通俗精讲（从零看懂所有句子）
先记核心：英语句法 = 句子成分 + 五大基本句型 + 从句 + 语序规则
所有英语句子，再长再复杂，都逃不开这套框架。
先搞懂 7大句子成分（必背）
句子就是不同成分拼起来的，一共7种：

主语(S)：谁/什么（动作发出者）
谓语(V)：做什么/是什么（动词核心，句子的心脏）
宾语(O)：动作承受者
表语(P)：跟在系动词后，说明主语身份/状态
定语：修饰名词（……的）
状语：修饰动词/形容词/整句（时间、地点、原因、方式、程度）
补语：补充说明主语/宾语，缺了句子意思不完整
口诀：主谓宾、主系表，定状补
关键区分：谓语 & 系动词
- 实义动词：有实际动作 → 吃、跑、看、做
- 系动词：无动作，只起连接作用
  be(am/is/are) / 感官(look/sound/smell/taste/feel) / 变化(become/get)
  英语五大基本句型（所有句子的母体）
  所有简单句只有这5种，长句都是简单句拼接出来的
主谓 S+V 主语 + 不及物动词（后面不能直接加宾语） - He runs. 他跑步。 - Birds fly. 鸟飞。
主谓宾 S+V+O 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 - I love you. - She reads books.
主系表 S+V+P 主语 + 系动词 + 表语表语可以是名词/形容词/介词短语 - He is a teacher.（名词表语） - The flower smells nice.（形容词表语）
主谓双宾 S+V+IO+DO 主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语(人) + 直接宾语(物) - He gave me a book. me=间接宾语，a book=直接宾语
主谓宾宾补 S+V+O+C 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语（补充宾语） - We make him happy. him是宾语，happy补充说明him
三、定语、状语怎么用（看懂长难句核心）
定语：修饰名词，翻译「……的」
- 位置分两种：
  - 前置定语：单个形容词/名词 → a beautiful girl
  - 后置定语：短语/从句放后面 the girl under the tree 树下的女孩
  状语：修饰动作，时间/地点/原因/方式
- 位置很灵活，句首、句中、句尾都可以
- I study English at home every day. at home(地点) / every day(时间) 都是状语
  四、三大从句（英语句法难点）
  简单句不够用，就用从句当一个成分
名词性从句整个从句当名词用：做主句、宾语、表语 - 宾语从句：I know that you are right. - 主语从句：What he said is true.
定语从句（最常用）从句当定语，修饰前面名词，也就是「……的人/物」 - The book that I bought is good. 我买的那本书很好
状语从句从句当状语，表时间、原因、条件、让步 - When I was young, I liked music.（时间） - I stay home because it rains.（原因）
五、英语核心语序规则（和中文最大区别）
主干语序：和中文基本一样 主谓宾
修饰语序： - 中文：修饰词放前面 - 英语：短修饰在前，长修饰在后
疑问句：助动词/be动词提前 You are happy → Are you happy?
否定句：助动词+not I like it → I don’t like it.
六、一句话总结句法逻辑
先抓主干：先找主谓宾/主系表
再拆修饰：定语找名词、状语找动词
长句拆从句：把从句括号括起来，剩下就是简单句

发音/音标 ※

音标是用来记录发音的

元音字母有固定的发音，区分开音节（元音字母结尾，长，字母本身读音）、闭音节（元音字母后接辅音，短）、重读、弱读（/ə/），长短。
音节划分：按元音，前后有辅音，从后往前划分。重音，双音节词重音，名词在前'object ，动词在后ob'ject 。有些固定后缀在倒数第三个音节（如-tion）。

元音字母的发音

a: 开音节 /eɪ/ cake, 闭音节 /æ/ cat, 在 ss/st/sk/th/f/n 前 /ɑː/ ask, 非重读音节 /ə/ about, .
e: 开音节 /iː/ she, 闭音节 /e/ pen, 非重读音节, /ə/ open /ɪ/ begin.
i: 开音节 /aɪ/ like, 闭音节 /ɪ/ , 特殊情况 /iː/ machine, 非重读音节 /ə/ possible, .
o: 开音节 /əʊ/ /oʊ/ no, home, 闭音节 /ɒ/ /ɑː/ hot, dog, 在 m/n/v/th 前 /ʌ/ come, 在 st/ld 前 /uː/ most, cold, 非重读音节 /ə/ photo, .
u: 开音节 /juː/ use, 闭音节 /ʌ/ bus ,在 l/r/j 后 /uː/ blue ,部分单词 /ʊ/ put, 非重读音节 /ə/ minute, autumn, difficult.
半元音 y: 词尾开音节 /aɪ/ my, 词中闭音节 /ɪ/ gym, 非重读音节词尾 /iː/ baby, 词首作辅音 /j/ yes,.

双元音，元音字母组合的发音

ai/ay /eɪ/ rain, day,
ea /iː/ eat, 闭音节 /e/ head, /eɪ/ great,
ee /iː/ see,
ei/ey /eɪ/ eight, they,
er // version
oo 长音 /uː/ moon, 短音 /ʊ/ book,
ou, /aʊ/ out, /uː/ soup, /ʌ/ touch,

辅音字母的发音

c：清辅音 /k/在 a/o/u 前 cat /kæt/、cup /kʌp/，清辅音 /s/ 在 e/i/y 前 city /ˈsɪti/、nice /naɪs/
g：浊辅音 /ɡ/ 在 a/o/u 前 go /ɡəʊ/，浊辅音 /dʒ/ 在 e/i/y 前 age /eɪdʒ/
j：浊辅音 /dʒ/ jump
y：浊辅音 /j/ yes
s：清辅音 /s/ 在词首或清辅音后 sun /sʌn/、desk /desk/，浊辅音/z/ 在元音后或词尾浊音后 rose /rəʊz/、has /hæz/，/ʃ/ 在 /ʃ//tʃ/ 前发 /ʃ/ sure /ʃʊə(r)/
th: 清辅音 /θ/ think /θɪŋk/ ，浊辅音 /ð/ this /ðɪs/、
ch: 浊辅音 /tʃ/ chair, 清辅音 /k/：school /skuːl/、清辅音 /ʃ/：machine /məˈʃiːn/
sh：始终发 /ʃ/“she” 。

词缀，固定字母组合，前缀，后缀的发音

-er 名词后缀，动词变名词（表 “人 / 工具”），形容词变比较级 /ə(r)/ teacher，重读 /ɜː(r)/ her
-tion：名词后缀 /ʃn/ action /ˈækʃn/、重音通常在 -tion 前倒数第三个音节
-sion：名词后缀 /ʒn/ 或 /ʒən/ 名词 decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/、television /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/
-ment： /mənt/ 名词 development /dɪˈveləpmənt/、movement /ˈmuːvmənt/
-ing： /ɪŋ/ 动名词 / 现在分词 running /ˈrʌnɪŋ/、thinking /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/
-ed： /t/（在清辅音后）动词过去式过去分词 worked /wɜːkt/、washed /wɒʃt/ ,， /d/（在浊辅音 / 元音后） played /pleɪd/、called /kɔːld/ ， /ɪd/（在t/d 后） wanted /ˈwɒntɪd/、needed /ˈniːdɪd/
-en

音标

连读，按照短语，
辅音+元音连读，辅音+辅音，失去爆破。听力的时候格外要注意。/t/的发音不发言。
重音
断句
节奏：动词，名词在一拍上面。

参考资料

《》
自然拼读

词根词缀

词缀 affix

前缀 prefix

方向前缀： dis-=away 离开/分离, ex-=out 向外/出, in-=into 进入/向内, re-=back 向后/返回, sub-=under 在……之下/向下, com/con/col-=with/together 共同/一起, pro-=forward 向前/支持, ab-=away/off 离开/脱离, ad-=to/toward 向/朝, de-=down/off 向下/离开, per-=through 贯穿/通过, pre-=before 在前/预先, post-=after 在后/之后, inter-=between/among 在……之间, trans-=across/beyond 横过/超越, super-=over/above 在……之上/超过, sur-=over/above 在……之上, sub-=under 在……之下, hypo-=under/below 在……之下/低于, hyper-=over/excessive 超过/过度, ultra-=beyond 超越/极端, infra-=below 在下/低于, retro-=backward 向后/追溯, intro-=inward/within 向内/在内, extra-=outside/beyond 在外/超出, extro-=outward 向外, circum-=around 环绕/周围, ambi-=both/around 两者/周围, para-=beside/near 在旁边/类似, epi-=upon/after 在……之上/在……之后
数量前缀： uni-=one 单一, bi-=two 双/二, tri-=three 三, multi-=many 多, semi-=half 半, mono-=one/single 单一/单独, poly-=many 多, omni-=all 全部, pan-=all 全/总, micro-=small 微小, macro-=large 宏大, mega-=million/great 百万/巨大, giga-=billion 十亿, nano-=billionth 十亿分之一/纳米, demi-=half 半, hemi-=half 半, penta-=five 五, hexa-=six 六, hepta-=seven 七, octa-=eight 八, deca-=ten 十, centi-=hundred 百/百分之一, milli-=thousand 千/千分之一, kilo-=thousand 千
否定前缀： un-=not 不/非, in-=not 不/无（变体 il-/im-/ir-）, dis-=not 否定/相反, non-=not 非/不, anti-=against 反对/抗, a-/an-=without/not 无/非, de-=remove/reverse 去除/相反, less-=without 无, mis-=wrong/bad 错误/坏, mal-=bad/badly 坏/不良, pseudo-=false 虚假, counter-=against/opposite 反对/相反, contra-=against 相反/对抗, ob-/oc-/of-/op-=against/toward 反对/朝向, with-=against/back 反对/向后, ab-/abs-=away/from 离开/脱离
程度前缀： over-=excessive 过度/超过, under-=insufficient 不足/低于, out-=surpassing 超过/胜过, up-=upward 向上, down-=downward 向下, fore-=before/in front 在前/预先, mid-=middle 中间, arch-=chief/main 首要/主要, co-=jointly 共同, vice-=deputy 副/代理, sub-=subordinate 次/亚, super-=above/superior 超/超级, out-=external/beyond 外/超出
时间前缀： pre-=before 在前/预先, post-=after 在后/之后, fore-=before 在前, ante-=before 在前/先, ex-=former 前任的, neo-=new 新, paleo-=old/ancient 古/旧, proto-=first/original 最初/原始

后缀 suffix

名词后缀
- 表人/职业, -er ……者/从事……的人, -or ……者/执行者, -ist ……主义者/专家, -ian ……领域的人, -ee 受动者/被……的人
- 表物, -ment 具体事物/工具, -tion 事物/结果, -er 工具/物品
- 表抽象概念/状态, -tion/-ation 动作/状态, -ment 行为/结果, -ness 性质/状态, -ity 性质/状态, -hood 状态/时期
动词后缀： -ize/-ise=make 使……化, -ate=make/do 使……/做……, -en=make 使……变得, -ify/-fy=make 使……具……性质
形容词后缀： -ful=full of 充满……的, -less=without 无……的, -able/-ible=able to 能……的, -ous/-ious=having 具……性质的, -y=characterized by 带……特征的, -ive=tending to 具……倾向的
副词后缀： -ly=way 以……方式, -ward/-wards=direction 朝……方向, -wise=manner/aspect 以……方式/方面

前缀

后缀

词根

词汇辨析

hurt, wound, damage, impair, injure
ri‧dic‧u‧lous /rɪˈdɪk.jə.ləs/ a. 荒谬的 =absurd, silly, foolish,
scold /skəʊld/ v. 责骂 =REBUKE, reprimand, reproach, reprove, admonish, remonstrate with.
批评
look, see,
say, speak, talk,

英式美式对照。

词汇笔记1-词汇用法

词组

动词词组

动词 + 副词

动词 + 介词

感受形容词 + 介词

动词 + 名词

动词 + to do/doing

动词 + 从句

介词短语

其他词组

连接词

短语/句型

语法 Grammar

Parts of Speech

Syntax

句型，按照语法

词性

句子

长句

句型，按照功能

雅思口语句型

雅思口语物品类句型

日常对话

精读

单词

读音

词缀/词根

附录

补充

补充，简单语法

引言1

引言2

Parts of speech 词性

补充

补充2

句法

发音/音标 ※

词根词缀

词汇辨析